Inmates’ Attitudes Toward Rehabilitation: The Influence of Prison Subculture in Kismayo, Somalia.

Abstract

The prison system plays a vital role in maintaining public safety and supporting the rehabilitation of offenders. Understanding inmates’ perspectives on rehabilitation is crucial for effective criminal justice reform. This study investigates how prison subculture influences inmates’ attitudes toward rehabilitation in Kismayo, Somalia. The research was based on Social Cognitive Theory. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were gathered quantitatively from 213 inmates- both first-time offenders and recidivists- through the Inmate Rehabilitation Attitude Questionnaire (IRAQ). Three hypotheses were tested and analyzed with correlation and multiple regression methods. The zero-order correlation results showed strong positive links between inmates’ attitudes toward rehabilitation and prison programs (r = .688, p < .01), prison environment (r = .570, p < .01), and coping strategies (r = .541, p < .01). A multiple regression analysis indicated that these three factors together explained 70% of the variation in attitudes toward rehabilitation (R² = .704, Adjusted R² = .700, F(3, 209) = 166.002, p < .001), demonstrating strong combined predictive power. Further analysis of individual contributions revealed that prison programs had the greatest impact (β = .546, p < .001), followed by coping strategies (β = .365, p < .001), and prison environment (β = .232, p < .001). These findings imply that well-structured prison programs, supportive environments, and effective coping mechanisms significantly shape inmates’ readiness for rehabilitation. The study recommends adopting a comprehensive approach to prison reform, focusing on improving programs, environmental conditions, and psychological support services to promote successful rehabilitation. Keywords: Inmates, Attitudes toward Rehabilitation, Prison Subculture, Kismayo, Somalia